AKT1 and Cognitive impairment: The current study demonstrated that neuronal apoptosis induced by DOX was evidenced by a positive immunohistochemical reaction for caspase-3 and NF-κB in the hippocampus, alongside the stimulation of protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β), wingless-related integration site (Wnt), and beta-catenin (β-catenin) apoptotic signaling proteins, which contribute to cognitive impairment; these findings are consistent with previously published research [7, 59, 60].