These functional characteristics, including strong associations with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell adhesion regulation, collagen fibril organization, and key signaling cascades such as Wnt and TGF-β, underscore the pivotal role of vCAFs in orchestrating tumor vascularization, stromal reprogramming, cellular migration, and the acquisition of invasive phenotypes (44). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.