CALR and neoplasm: This process releases three key immunogenic signals: (1) Increase in damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and surface-exposed calreticulin (CALR), activating the anti-tumour immune effects; (2) Enhancement of cross-presentation of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), which could prime T cell responses; and (3) High expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, which recruit and activate NK cells and T lymphocytes (6, 28–30).