Ravirala et al. found that the combined use of bispecific and trispecific antibodies with HSV-based oncolytic virus therapy can improve the anti-tumor effect by enhancing T cell recruitment and activation through CD3 and tumor-associated antigens, while also engaging co-stimulatory receptors such as 4-1BB, thereby amplifying the cytotoxic immune response and improving tumor clearance (109). Here, TNFRSF9 is linked to neoplasm.