REN and hypertensive disorder: The potential mechanisms by which overweight or obesity may lead to hypertension include: overweight or obesity causing insulin resistance, reduced release of nitric oxide by vascular endothelium, and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), resulting in elevated blood pressure [25]; inflammation and oxidative stress in visceral adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels leading to microvascular dysfunction and microvascular endothelial damage, exacerbating insulin resistance and subsequently leading to elevated blood pressure [26, 27].