In T2DM, FOXP1, PRDM14, SPI1, SP1, SMAD4, STAT2, ESR1, CEBPB, USF1, SP3, EGR1 and HNF4A were significantly activated, in line with their roles in inflammatory signaling, metabolic regulation, and transcriptional reprogramming in insulin-responsive tissues (Bočkor et al., 2024; Matsui et al., 2024). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.