In diabetes-induced renal injury, caffeic acid protects renal function by reducing serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome (Akhlaghipour et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and diabetes mellitus.