VWF and infection: Interestingly, a von Willebrand factor was upregulated in 'amakihi experimentally infected with malaria that died from infection (Paxton et al. 2023), hinting at potential antagonistic pleiotropy (Hancock et al. 2011) between adaptation to high elevations and susceptibility to infection (Roulin et al. 2011; Seddon and Hews 2017).