Next, an increase in the frequency and absolute numbers of these senescent-like CD28−ve CD57+ve CD4 T cells was only observed in the patients with early and established RA [“p < 0.001”; Fig. 1g and Supplementary Table S1, but not in arthralgia (p = 0.83) and undifferentiated arthritis patients (p = 0.88). This evidence concerns the gene B3GAT1 and rheumatoid arthritis.