ACTB and cancer: This study revealed novel biomarkers of heterogeneous cancer cells (CS, H4C6, H3C12, and H2BC9) and T-cells (TP53, FN1, MMP9, ITGB1, HSP90AB1, AKT1, ACTB, MAPK3, UBC, UBB, CTNNB1, and H3-3B), including CD8+ NKT-like cells, memory CD4+ T-cells, and naive CD4+ T-cells, which might be the key candidate biomarkers implicated in cancer cell progression through T-cell exhaustion.