ARG1 and Parkinson disease: Compared to the controls, PD mice exhibited increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers iNOS (p < 0.001), CD16 (p < 0.001), and CD11b (p < 0.001) (Figure 4D–F) and decreased anti-inflammatory markers CD206 (p < 0.001), YM-1 (p < 0.001), and Arg-1 (p < 0.001) (Figure 4J–L, p < 0.001), indicating co-expression of both inflammatory and reparative programs.