INS and diabetes mellitus: Longitudinal cohort studies (e.g., DAISY and TEDDY) show that insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) typically arise in early childhood, followed by GAD autoantibodies (GADAs), with IA-2 and ZnT8 autoantibodies emerging later; the presence of ≥2 autoantibodies confers a >70% risk of developing diabetes within 10 years [51].