KRAS and cancer: In addition, KRAS-mutant cancer cells modulate the inflammatory response, recruiting and activating immune cells, promoting pro-tumorigenic properties and cell evasion from immunosurveillance; moreover, these cells secrete molecules that promote the recruitment of activated macrophages, which also promote angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, contributing to the secretion of VEGF, IL-6 and TNF-α (85, 86).