CTLA4 and myelodysplastic syndrome: there have been hundreds of clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors for MDS currently under investigation, such as TIM3, PD-1/PD-L1, CD47, CTLA-4, Clever-1 inhibitors, etc. However, none of the clinical effects of single-agent therapy are satisfactory, and the core strategy of treatment is still combination of demethylating drugs, and the combination of drugs in the primary treatment of higher-risk MDS patients with ORR up to 60-80% (NCT03066648, NCT04623216, NCT03248479, NCT05428969).