For instance, in studies focused on lung cancer therapy, PTX was co-incubated with Liposome-CAR-T-Exosomes targeting MSLN/PD-L1 for 40 minutes, followed by dialysis purification, successfully generating a Liposome-CAR-T-Exosomes@PTX complex exhibiting therapeutic effects (16). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and lung carcinoma.