On multivariable analysis, factors associated with CKD progression include Malay ethnicity (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.72), A2 (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.70) and A3 albuminuria (OR: 4.19, 95% CI: 3.45, 5.10), diabetes (OR: 2.59, 95% CI: 2.18, 3.09), hypertension (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.41), increasing systolic BP (OR: 1.005, 95% CI 1.001, 1.008), active smoking (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.47), being on maximum doses of ACE inhibitors/ARBs at baseline (OR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.07, 1.53) and having undergone CKD counseling (OR: 1.84, 95% CI 1.59, 2.12). Here, ACE is linked to chronic kidney disease.