Furthermore, our data indicate that the olfactory bulb in HE patients may experience enhanced production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including: (1) M‐CSF, which promotes neuroinflammation and microglial activation [47]; (2) MCP1, which enhances macrophage activation and immune cell recruitment [48]; and (3) TARC, which stimulates autoimmune responses and T‐cell activity [49]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL17 and hereditary elliptocytosis.