IL-1α expression is increased in IBD patients100–102 and its neutralization through a specific antibody significantly ameliorated the ileitis course in a mouse model of IBD by correcting microbial dysbiosis.101 Given that IL-1 receptor was found to be highly expressed in both mouse and human nociceptors,103 colonic IL-1α might modulate visceral sensitivity. This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and irritable bowel syndrome.