KEGG analysis further showed that these genes were involved in pathways such as apoptosis, mitophagy, HIF‐1 signalling, TNF signalling, NF‐κB signalling, inflammatory bowel disease, NOD‐like receptor signalling, Toll‐like receptor signalling, and circadian rhythm regulation (Figure 1B), indicating broad transcriptomic reprogramming in UC characterised by inflammation, stress response, and tissue remodelling. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.