CD38 and tuberculosis: As depicted in Fig 3, the overall level of HLA-DR and CD-38 expression in smear-negative and positive pulmonary TB patients were much higher than that of confirmed non-TB respiratory illness, apparently healthy QFT positive and negative study participants (p-value = 0.0127, p-value < 0.0001, p-value = 0.0043, p-value <0.0001, respectively).