Also, among the smear-negative pulmonary TB cohort, the expression of CD-38, HLA-DR, and HLA-DR + CD-38 + expression was reduced in the second month and six-month cohort compared with baseline data (p-value= < 0.0001, p-value = 0.00365, p –value = 0.0001, respectively). Here, CD38 is linked to pulmonary tuberculosis.