We re-introduced PIGA or GPAA1 cDNA into the respective knockout HeLa cells (S3A Fig) and found that trans-complementation not only significantly reduced infection with alphacoronaviruses HCoV-229E and PEDV (Figs 2L, S3B) but also with the SARS-CoV-2 original, Delta, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants (Figs 2M, S3C–S3F). Here, GPAA1 is linked to infection.