TNF and neoplasm: Older adults exhibit persistent elevation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and impaired inflammation resolution mechanisms, which creates a pathological microenvironment that masks tumor-specific inflammatory signals (Gaudioso et al., 2021; Valero et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021).