When endogenous insulin production is insufficient to compensate for increasing insulin resistance, serum glucose levels go up leading to a pre-diabetic state (fasting glucose levels of 100–125 mg/dL and A1C 5.7–6.4%) and consequently to diabetes (fasting glucose levels ≥126 mg/dL and A1C ≥ 6.5%) (50, 65). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.