MAPK8 and colorectal carcinoma: Wen et al. (2015) indicated that GA activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and induced apoptosis in both 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-sensitive and 5-FU-resistant cells, suggesting that GA had the potential to combat 5-FU resistance in CRC. The IC50 value of GA in HCT116 cells was 1.1, 0.6, and 0.5 μM for 12, 24, and 36 h, respectively. In addition, GA induced protective autophagy, thereby restricting its antitumor effects via increasing 5-LOX-regulated ROS levels (Zhang et al., 2014).