VEGFA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Some studies involve young individuals, others older adults, or different gender groups; 4) Comorbid conditions: obesity-associated comorbidities, such as diabetes, might indirectly affect VEGF levels (15); 5) VEGF ısoform specificity: Discrepancies may stem from variability in assay specificity for VEGF isoforms (13).