Similarly, Prescott et al. [56] compared TLR function in allergic and non-allergic infants after their first year of life (diagnosed with food allergy or atopic dermatitis) and found that the non-allergic group exhibited lower TLR-mediated responses than the allergic group, particularly in response to TLR3 ligands (lower concentrations of TNFα and IL-12) and TLR5 ligands (lower concentrations of TNFα and IL-10), with similar trends observed for other ligands. Here, TNF is linked to food allergy.