Some studies have found a close link between blood urea/BUN levels and insulin resistance.[33,34] Animal experiments by Koppe et al showed that elevated circulating urea levels increase O-GlcNAcylation of islet proteins and impair glycolysis, ultimately leading to impaired insulin secretion function in mice.[12] D’Apolito et al’s research found that cultured adipocytes treated with urea exhibited reduced insulin sensitivity. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.