TNF and cancer: It also stimulates natural killer and T cells, which can eliminate cancer cells.[58] TGF-β1 has 2 roles in cancer: it suppresses tumors in the early stages of development and promotes the progression of many cancer types in the later stages.[59] IFNG is considered a central player in antitumor activity; it exerts its anti-cancer effects by impacting both tumor and immune effector cells.[60] TNF-α is a tumor-promoting factor associated with all tumorigenic stages in many cancers.[61] All these cytokines are expressed in different cells in TME and can modulate tumor growth.