VDR and colonic neoplasm: VDR has been shown to be effective in the oncogenesis and prognosis of malignancies such as ovarian, thyroid, and colon cancer and melanoma.[9] At the same time, there are many studies reporting that vitamin D inhibits cell proliferation, tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis and affects the induction of apoptosis and tumor cell differentiation.[10] Various studies have demonstrated the effect of VDR on breast cell growth and immune regulation.