AR and hyperandrogenism: As CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1 polymorphisms are associated with hyperandrogenemia [31, 32] and dysregulation of ovarian steroidogenic enzymes in women with PCOS [33–35], this study aimed to investigate whether hyperandrogenism in PCOS may result in AR-FOXL2 axis activation to upregulate ovarian steroidogenic genes and elevate estrogen levels in GCs.