To further confirm the paracrine role of CXCL14 from CAFs in chemoresistance induction in bladder cancer cells, and to explore whether other signaling mechanisms, such as extracellular vesicles or direct contact, could exert similar effects, we cocultured T24 cells with shNC/shCXCL14 CAFs for 24 h (Fig.S5E). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL14 and urinary bladder carcinoma.