INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Glycaemic control directly, and diabetes-related complications indirectly, play a role in insulin initiation for individuals with T2DM.35 Poor glycaemic control, indicated by elevated HbA1c levels, aligns with an increased likelihood of transitioning to insulin therapy according to established clinical guidelines.2,22,36 Timely initiation of insulin is often indicated when oral antidiabetic agents fail to achieve adequate glycaemic control.