In patients with lung cancer (n = 65,647), the HRs for ATE were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.78–1.23) with ICI (n = 3258), 1.22 (95% CI: 0.93–1.59) with EGFR-targeted therapy (n = 2198), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.16–2.13) with VEGF-targeted therapy (n = 1022) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.45–2.60) with ALK-/ROS-targeted therapy (n = 180). The gene discussed is ROS1; the disease is lung cancer.