The niche of senescent cells also shows enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related signals in CRC patients with therapy (56, 107).Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) could enhance EMT by activating the Smad2 and Smad3 pathways through interaction with TGF-β receptors (108). This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and colorectal carcinoma.