According to diagnostic criteria established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), diabetes mellitus is classified as a persistent metabolic disorder that is diagnostically confirmed through sustained hyperglycemia (defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L) or elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥ 6.5%, pathophysiologically rooted in a disorder of insulin production or cellular responsiveness (2). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.