In both the training and test sets, the COPD with T2DM group exhibited significantly higher levels of inflammatory markers compared to the COPD without T2DM group, including NEUT (training set: 6.83 vs 4.82, P <0.001; test set: 6.65 vs 4.83, P <0.001), ESR (training set: 33.00 vs 24.00, P <0.001; test set: 33.00 vs 24.00, P <0.001), and CRP (training set: 31.40 vs 18.50, P <0.001; test set: 31.40 vs 18.50, P <0.001). Here, ESR1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.