CACNA1D and type 2 diabetes mellitus: To further explore the molecular profiles of these hub ABRGs, we applied UMAP visualization, which highlighted distinct expression patterns of the seven key hub genes identified by the GBM model (ATP1A1, CACNA1D, CALM1, CLDN10, NUP214, TDP2, UNC93B1) specifically in T2D samples (Figure 3C).