TNF and cancer: An increasing number of studies have shown that the binding and invasion of cancer cells by Fusobacterium species stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1 beta (IL1β), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8 or IL8).