VCAM1 and neoplasm: (26) Moreover, in orthotopic colorectal models, STING-activating nanosystems reduce tumour hypoxia and upregulate endothelial ICAM-1/VCAM-1 expression, resulting in a twofold increase in CD8+ T-cell tumour infiltration and improved survival (27); and (4) CTL recognition and tumour cell killing, involving nanoparticles engineered for enhanced checkpoint inhibitor avidity and retention, such as generation-7 PAMAM dendrimer conjugates reported by Bu et al.