Hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, as a therapeutic bile acid) exerts dual neuroprotection by activating TGR5 and inhibiting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)/IL-1β, reducing infarct size and cognitive deficits (Zhang et al., 2024). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Cognitive impairment.