In BC, tumor cells employ various strategies for immune evasion, including overexpression of MHC class I molecules to impair NK cell function (Zhang et al., 2022), recruitment of Tregs to secrete IL-10 and TGF-β, thereby suppressing CD8 T cell and NK cell activity (Jung et al., 2023; Luo et al., 2024), and downregulation of antigen expression or interference with dendritic cell function to hinder T cell activation (Yin et al., 2023). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.