Interestingly, in our previous studies, we have shown increased expression of CD44, Il23, and Irf4 (IL-23, IRF4, Th17 immune response drivers56) in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated from 4T1 tumors growing in young mice and treated with calcitriol, alongside elevated OPN levels in tumor tissue. Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.