In terms of paracrine SHH protein content within the culture supernatants, the control groups can be ordered from the highest to the lowest as follows: GBM CSCs control group (33406 pg/ml), GBM CSCs and astrocytes co-culture group (30660 pg/ml), GBMCs and astrocytes co-culture control group (20513 pg/ml), GBMCs control group (18720 pg/ml), and astrocytes control group (1737 pg/ml). This evidence concerns the gene SHH and glioblastoma.