This is in agreement with our and others reports that detected high frequencies of cross-reactive functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells directed toward specific sets of conserved SARS-CoV-2 non-Spike antigens, including NSP-2, NSP-7, NSP-12, NS-13, NSP-14 and Nucleoprotein in unvaccinated asymptomatic COVID-19 patients5, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30; and (ii) by lung-resident cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with rapid clearance of infection in so-called “SARS-CoV-2 aborters”33, 34, 35, 36, 37. Here, CD4 is linked to infection.