Genes encoding components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I components (HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E, and B2M), MHC class I transactivators (IRF1 and NLRC5), and the immunoproteasome subunit PSMB8 (collectively referred to as “antigen processing and presentation genes”, APPGs) showed significantly higher expression levels in tumor segments within “hot” ROIs, compatible with processing and presentation of antigens. Here, IRF1 is linked to neoplasm.