CLDN5 and colorectal carcinoma: Other genes such as ABCB5, CLDN5, RCC1 have also been implicated in CRC-related processes, with several studies suggesting their potential value in tumor diagnosis, progression monitoring, or prognostic evaluation (Alghamdi and Al-Zahrani, 2023; Norhisan et al., 2024; Deng et al., 2021).