These mechanisms align with its established oncogenic roles: In ovarian cancer, RSPO3 promotes tumor angiogenesis and aggressiveness (Gu et al., 2020); in prostate cancer, it drives invasiveness via EMT (Mesci et al., 2019); in bladder cancer, it synergistically activates Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog pathways (Chen et al., 2019); and in lung cancer, it confers therapy resistance through inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis (Li et al., 2024). Here, RSPO3 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.