ALB and diabetes mellitus: To evaluate the robustness of our findings, we performed comprehensive subgroup analyses, stratified by laboratory parameters (PT, APTT, platelet count, hemoglobin, albumin, calcium, and blood cell counts), clinical characteristics (hypertension, diabetes, and malignancy), and lifestyle factors (smoking status), to validate that the association between CCR and mortality remained significant after controlling for potential confounders in the fully adjusted multivariate Cox regression model.