Alterations in adipokines, such as decreased levels of adiponectin and increased levels of leptin, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)/Visfatin, and/or resistin, trigger abnormalities in MSC functions that promote obesity-associated illnesses and alter the response to MSC therapy [140]. Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.