The balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-10) is crucial in maintaining healthy microenvironment for neuronal function. Dysregulation of this balance, as in aging or neurodegenerative diseases, can lead to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction. In conditions like T2DM, neuroinflammation in the hypothalamus can disrupt the balance between orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons, leading to metabolic dysregulation. (Bhol et al 2024; Al-Sayyar et al 2023). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.